GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

The generation of computers refers to the different stages or periods in the development of computer technology. Each generation is characterized by significant advancements in hardware, software, and architectural design. Here's an overview of the various computer generations:

 

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):

   • Vacuum tubes were used for main component
   • Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
   • Large in size, consumed a lot of power, and generated a significant amount of heat.
   • Examples include ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).

    

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

   • Transistors were used as main component
     
   • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient.
   • Magnetic cores were introduced for primary memory.
   • Programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were developed.
   • Examples include IBM 1401 and IBM 7090.

    

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

   • Integrated circuits were used as main component
     
   • Integrated circuits (ICs) were invented, enabling more components to be placed on a single chip.
   • Minicomputers and timesharing operating systems were introduced.
   • High-level programming languages like BASIC and C were developed.
   • Examples include IBM System/360, DEC PDP-11, and IBM 370/168.

    

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):

   • VLSI or LSI microprocessor were used as main component
     
   • Microprocessors replaced large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs), enabling entire computers to be built on a single chip.
   • Personal computers (PCs) were introduced, and the graphical user interface (GUI) became popular.
   • Storage devices such as floppy disks and hard drives became common.
   • Examples include Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore 64.

    

5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):

   • Bio-chip (ULSI) will be used as main component
   • Artificial Intelligence will enhance computer system
     
   • Natural Language will be used for user friendly
     
   • Advancements in microprocessor technology and semiconductor fabrication techniques continued.
   • Introduction of parallel processing and supercomputers.
   • Graphical user interfaces became standard, and networking technologies evolved.
   • Examples include IBM AS/400, Cray-2, and modern PCs.